Leptospirosis is a serious but preventable disease that can affect both dogs and, less commonly, cats. Because it can be life-threatening and can also spread to humans, it’s important for pet owners to understand the risks, recognise the symptoms, and know what to do if they suspect their pet is unwell.

What is leptospirosis?

Leptospirosis is a serious illness that can affect both pets and people, causing problems like liver damage and stomach issues. The bacteria involved can be found in the urine of infected animals such as rodents, cattle, and other wildlife. Dogs can pick it up if they drink from puddles, swim in outdoor water, or even sniff around areas where these animals have been.

Pets become infected when the bacteria enter the body through cuts in the skin, through the eyes, nose, or mouth, or by drinking contaminated water.

Why is leptospirosis dangerous?

Leptospirosis can cause severe damage to vital organs, particularly the kidneys and liver. In some cases, it can lead to long-term organ problems or even be fatal without prompt treatment.

The disease is also a zoonotic infection, meaning it can spread from animals to people. This makes early diagnosis and treatment even more important to protect the whole household.

Pets are more likely to pick up leptospirosis in environments where they may come into contact with contaminated urine or water. Common risk areas include:

• Puddles, ponds, rivers, and stagnant water
• Areas with high rodent populations
• Farms or rural locations with livestock
• Urban areas where rats are present
• Shared dog water bowls in public spaces

Dogs that swim in natural water sources, hunt wildlife, or explore areas where rodents live are at higher risk, but any pet can be exposed.

Symptoms to watch out for

Symptoms of leptospirosis can vary and may appear suddenly or gradually. Common signs include:

• Lethargy or unusual tiredness
• Loss of appetite
• Vomiting or diarrhoea
• Fever
• Increased thirst or urination
• Yellowing of the eyes, skin, or gums (jaundice)
• Muscle pain or stiffness
• Difficulty breathing

Some pets may show only mild symptoms at first, so any sudden change in behaviour or health should be taken seriously.

What should you do if you suspect leptospirosis?

If you think your pet may have leptospirosis, contact your vet immediately. Early treatment with antibiotics can make a significant difference to recovery.

Until your pet is seen by a vet:

• Avoid contact with your pet’s urine
• Wash your hands thoroughly after handling your pet
• Clean any accidents with disinfectant while wearing gloves

Do not delay seeking advice, even if symptoms seem mild.

Preventing leptospirosis

The best protection against leptospirosis is vaccination. At The Pet Vet, we’ve transitioned from L2 to L4 vaccination for leptospirosis, as this offers extra protection, covering more strains of the bacteria.

Other helpful precautions include:

• Avoid letting pets drink from stagnant water
• Keep food and water bowls clean
• Control rodent access around your home and garden
• Keep vaccinations up to date

Leptospirosis is a serious disease, but with awareness, prevention, and prompt veterinary care, the risks can be greatly reduced. If you have any concerns about your pet’s health or vaccination status, please contact your local surgery for advice.